2019年1月5日托福考试阅读预测机经（版本合集！）

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1.Coba’n灭亡的第一个原因是统治者无能。Coban城市是Mayan地区的城市，曾经非常繁荣，统治者认为自己功德无量高枕无忧，结果社会突然出了动乱，统治者无能，无法提出有效的措施，反而一个劲地做无用的仪式；灭亡的第二个原因是一条商业通路被毁掉了，这条路为Coban带来了很多财富，毁掉之后城市就衰败了；第三个原因是干旱。虽然没有切实的证据来证明这个原因的可靠，但是因为灭亡时间和干旱开始的年份一样，所以推测干旱可能也是原因。

2.说公认的造成地球有气候周期，比如ice age的是地球什么axis tilt的角度还有什么rotation之类的，但是在过去几个billion年中，地球气候在变暖，这期间还是出现了几次ice age，所以除了上面的原因应该还有其他原因造成ice age。然后提到了某个P时期，那时候所有大陆都连在一起，在靠近赤道的位置，一部分比如说澳洲非洲等的大陆一直延伸到了polars，阻碍了那边water circulation，所以water不能够起到调节temperature的作用，这是P时期产生ice age的原因。又说到了另一个时期，忘记名字了，那个时期由于下雨，导致大气层中二氧化碳气体都被冲走了，所以产生了那个时期的ice age。之后由于海底volcano的喷发导致二氧化碳气体浓度变高气候又变暖了。再讲道sun activity可能对ice age也有影响，size of sun spots还有corona的厚度什么都可能影响ice age，但这种影响的程度还不确定。例子是最近一次small ice age，在这段时间欧洲很冷，地球变成了ice ball还是啥的，同时又发现在这期间正好太阳活动很少，几乎没怎么观测到太阳活动。

3.关于Silver Tea Pot，第一段说什么revolution之前的需求都是小首饰啊鞋扣啥的，之后需求变为full set的茶壶，还说到什么风格。还能在上面刻名字防止被偷，第三段说银器可以用来抵偿组建军队的债务又可以是身份的象征，第四段说negative的方面。

4.科学家研究在西伯利亚的人是怎么迁徙到美洲的，认为是从ice age的白令海峡去到南阿拉斯加的，但是对于怎么从北美到南美有两种看法，一种是路上过去，经过大平原和落基山脉；另一种是从当时结冰的西海岸过去，提到一个例子一个山洞里发现了以海中生物为食物的人类残骸。

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Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century

19世纪美国的城市发展

•P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in P cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most “planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.

城市化社会是十九世纪和二十世纪才发展起来的，其中很大一部分人口生活在城市里。自1800年以来，整个世界的城市化进程迅速发展，但还没有达到顶峰。在美国，早期的新英格兰城镇，沿着宽阔的榆树林荫道或公地正式布置，展现出有意识的规划。在讨论在美国城市的发展在19世纪,一个不能使用术语“城市规划”,因为它表明现代问题空间和服务组织,在大多数情况下,不存在计划革命前称为城市美丽的运动,开始于1890年代。当然，在那个日期之前，也有一些城市地区是“计划好的”，尤其是华盛顿特区这些都是例外。在19世纪，大多数“规划”都局限于比城市小得多的地区，而且与试图从一块土地上获利的开发商关系密切。

•P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.

十九世纪有三种力量特别影响城市和郊区的结构:经济、交通技术和人口统计。除此之外，还有美国人特有的独立生活的偏好，包括在城市边缘或乡村的大片土地上建造住宅，为自己建造独立的社区。19世纪工业革命带来的经济发展改变了城市生活，使人们对提高生活水平有了更高的期望。就业岗位的增加，以及交通和住房建设方面的技术创新，鼓励了向城市的移民。人们不再需要在步行距离内工作。随着交通系统的不断改进和客流量的增加，进城上班变得更容易、更便宜。

•P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world's population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.

人口结构模式也是城市化的原因之一。由于农村移民被吸引到廉价住房，以及在城市中心或附近、工厂附近工作的前景，以及来自全球各地的移民，城市人口稳步增长。随着19世纪的结束，城市的快速发展成为美国社会、经济和政治生活中一个团结和分裂的因素。城市吸引了世界各地众多的人口，创造了一个多样化的大都市氛围。与此同时，城市迫使背景完全不同的人们第一次近距离的生活和工作在一起，这导致了城市问题的多样性。

•P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.

19世纪的许多城市问题仍然困扰着今天的城市，特别是那些由于缺乏规划和管理而导致的卫生和特大火灾。城市的发展速度超过了地方政府向贫困地区推广净水、垃圾收集和污水处理系统的能力，因此城市的条件恶化。当时的卫生下水道没能阻止伤寒的传播，反而增加了伤寒在下水道出口下游的感染率，原本用来缓解伤寒的瘴气最终被证明是不存在的。直到19世纪60年代，才有任何认真的、协调一致的努力来发展适当的供水和污水处理系统，这造成了水污染和啮齿动物和昆虫传播疾病。在19世纪，由于战术消防和预防措施不发达，美国饱受城市大火和野火之苦。用可燃材料建造，再加上建筑物的密闭布置，以及在取暖、做饭和照明中使用明火，意味着随时可能发生熊熊大火。

• P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.

19世纪晚期的城市是大型的、紧凑的、没有人情味的、专门用来赚钱的地方。通常情况下，开发既没有计划也没有限制，土地所有者只能根据他们在市场上的个人需求来选择地段大小、服务和街道布局。不足为奇的是，腐败在市政府和城市服务、建筑行业、房东和雇主中猖獗。高租金、低工资和糟糕的服务在经济突然增长的过程中造成了痛苦。

题目：

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

下面哪个句子最能表达文章中突出显示的句子的基本信息?错误的选择以重要的方式改变了意义，或者遗漏了重要的信息。

A. Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movement of the 1890s changed "urban planning.

B. For the most part, there was no "urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.

C. Concerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.

D. The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”

2. According to paragraph 1, Washington, D.C. was

根据第1段，华盛顿特区是

A. A a typical nineteenth-century American city

B. B a city that was planned in separate sections by land developers

C. C the very first city in America to be described as “planned”

D. D one of the few cases of true urban planning in America before the 1890s

3. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to the paragraph 1, best describe most urban plans in the nineteenth century. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

根据第1段，选择最能描述19世纪大多数城市规划的两个选项。要获得得分，你必须选择两个答案。

A. They were created to profit land developers.

B. They typically affected only part of a city rather than the whole city.

C. Their success sometimes directly led to other necessary improvements in cities.

D. They were carefully reviewed by city governments.

4. In paragraph 2, the author mentions the characteristic American preference for independent living to

在第二段中，作者提到了美国人独立生活的特点

A. identify one of the factors that affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in America in the nineteenth century

B. explain which of the three forces mentioned—economics, transportation technology, and demographics—was the most important in shaping American cities and suburbs

C. explain how decisions were made in American nineteenth-century cities and suburbs about locations for businesses and factories

D. provide evidence showing that industrial growth was able to generate higher incomes for much of the population in nineteenth-century cities and suburbs in America

5. According to paragraph 2, what is one reason that transportation costs in American cities decreased during the nineteenth century?

根据第2段，美国城市的交通成本在19世纪下降的一个原因是什么?

A. The number of people using transportation increased.

B. The cost of energy such as electricity decreased.

C. Commuters and shoppers began living closer to their destinations.

D. Transportation suppliers had to compete for riders.

6. The word “steadily” in the passage is closest in meaning to

文章中“稳步”一词的意思最接近于

A. significantly

B. rapidly

C. continuously

D. unevenly

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about changes in the demographics of cities during the nineteenth century?

关于19世纪城市人口结构的变化，从第3段可以推断出下列哪项?

A. The reason most people left the city was to take jobs in the country.

B. The middle class population increased.

C. The population became more ethnically diverse.

D. The working class population tended to live in the oldest housing.

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