2019年1月26日托福考试阅读预测机经（版本合集！）

下周六将迎来本月的最后一场托福考试，大家有没有在春节前和托福说“分手”的决心啊？小编为大家整理了有关本场考试的预测机经，临考前来缓解一下紧张的心情吧！以下是本场考试阅读预测机经。

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1.主要谈了生命起源到底来自哪里的猜想。首先讲了早期大气里就有O2和N2，提到了两个人，J.B.S Haldan和Oparin Haldane提出的假说。他们假设当时空气里的O2。

2.第1段介绍了生活在澳洲热带的long-neck turtle，它们的栖息地非常地特殊，会随着干湿两季的不同，改变栖息地;第2段讲到研究者们找了两年也没有找到这种龟的栖息地，但是当地的土著人知道，他们知道这种龟会将蛋产在水下。为了验证这个说法，研究者在水下放了很多radio transmitter，turtle下蛋的时候，transmitter会附在蛋上，结果真的发现，long-neck turtle会在水下14-17米的泥下下蛋;第3段讲为什么turtle会选这里下蛋，这和它们生存的环境有关，它们生存的环境没有稳定的水，干湿两季是主要原因。第4段讲到 为什么这种龟下蛋在水下，蛋可以生存下来，不同于别的蛋，它们的蛋特别抗压。

3.景德镇的陶瓷的历史2018.7.7主要讲述瓷器为什么在景德镇能够快速发展，并且在元代，在此设立了官窑，同时民窑也兴起，达到了精细分工的、多流程步骤的、大规模生产。而且元代统辖区域广泛，使得西亚和中东的颜料和设计图案都能够流入中原，所以景德镇生产出来的瓷器具有多文明要素的融合，便于出口销往西亚甚至欧美。

4.洗衣剂

先讲了最开始的清洁剂是古埃及人发现的Na.取材于植物，后面讲了通过烧这个得到了草木灰也具有清洁作用。再就是把草木灰和fat结合起来得到了肥皂。然后由于自然得到的草木灰太少，限制了肥皂推广，一个化学家用化学合成得到了更多的草木灰，但是这样用于生产肥皂的fat不够了，所以一战后以石油为原料的肥皂取代了草木灰。最后讲了基于酶的清洁剂用来洗其他大分子，因为_点点就可以破坏纤维结构，洗去血迹，也让衣服更柔软。最后说光照也可以帮助清洁。

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P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior.

旧石器时代是人类发展的最早阶段，也是人类历史上最长的阶段。直到大约3万年前(或30“缅元”)，考古记录才揭示了技术和社会进步的出现，这些进步包括新技术、狩猎技术、人类埋葬以及令人惊叹的能力的艺术传统。这种戏剧性的变化被称为旧石器时代晚期革命。传统上认为旧石器时代晚期的革命是欧亚大陆独有的考古学现象。在其他区域没有同样的证据表明，欧洲大约在40缅元左右的人类智力发展发生了根本变化。然而，最近在南非的布隆博斯洞穴中发现了一块装饰过的赭石，还有几组贝壳珠子，年代约为77缅元，这引发了争议。这也支持了同一时期在非洲发现的其他多用途石器和骨工具的证据。现在，旧石器时代晚期的革命被认为是现代人类行为进化最显著的证据。

P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.

接下来还有两个问题。首先，在大约4万年的时间里，从布隆伯斯洞穴中石头的创新使用到欧洲人类创造力的繁荣，人类的认知过程发生了什么变化?其次，在更新世期间发生了一系列重大的气候事件——气候变化是其中的一个组成部分吗?人类学家萨利·麦克布里亚蒂(Sally McBrearty)和艾莉森·布鲁克斯(Alison Brooks)对欧洲出现的这种突然转变是否建立在非洲早期发展的基础上进行了详细的探讨。他们认为，整个旧石器时代晚期革命的问题源于一种深刻的以欧洲为中心的偏见，以及未能认识到非洲考古记录的深度和广度。

In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper.

事实上，许多南非考古遗址表明，这场革命发生在非洲的古橄榄中期，比欧洲早了数万年。这是由使用新的石器工具，如刀片和微岩屑技术的证据支持的。复制表明，从那时起，由于刀刃的形状，刀刃的制作就需要很高的技术水平，这表明原始人类的复杂性更高。与此同时，水产资源的开发也开始繁荣起来。

P3: Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient 一 humans, some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of modern behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models. The extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea that artistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modem humans that migrated out of Africa around 70 kya For the time being, the emergence of Modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa, socio-economic dynamism that caused their expansion through the Nile Valley into the Near East, and then a migration along the southern route of Asia as far as Australia is the most plausible scenario, though it still leaves much to be desired from future archaeological research.

与这种观点的自发飞跃认知在古代一人类,一些作者喜欢艾莉森·s·布鲁克斯,主要在非洲考古工作,指出现代行为的逐渐积累,开始在50000年的旧石器时代晚期革命的基准模型。澳大利亚岩石艺术的非凡的范围增加了很大的重量,艺术创作是现代人类的智力的一部分迁移出非洲大约有70 kya目前,现代人类的出现在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,社会经济活力,导致他们的扩张通过尼罗河流域近东,然后迁移亚洲南部路线到澳大利亚是最合理的情况下,尽管它在未来的考古研究中仍有许多不足之处。

P4: The question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground. The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record. This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.

创造性活动的突然出现似乎构成了旧石器时代晚期的革命，这一问题也就迎刃而解了。显而易见的解释是，非洲的发展与后来更广为人知的欧洲事件之间的差距是由于考古记录的局限性。这并不能完全解释为什么在旧石器时代晚期的欧洲会突然出现创造力的繁荣。

It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time. Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from 43 kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time. The changes in human behavior have also been attributed to the changes in climate during the period, which encompasses a number of global temperature drops. This meant a worsening of the already bitter climate which hence forced the ancestors of today's Europeans to move into a largely unpopulated region, their sudden presence in the archaeological record appearing revolutionary.

可能是早期的创造性努力要么已经消失，要么还没有从时间的迷雾中浮现出来。最近在靠近欧洲的西亚部分地区的洞穴中发现了可追溯到43缅元时期甚至更早的装饰穿甲的贝壳，这可能是将证据追溯回过去的一个过程的例子。人类行为的变化也归因于这一时期的气候变化，包括全球气温的多次下降。这意味着本已恶劣的气候进一步恶化，从而迫使今天欧洲人的祖先搬到一个人口稀少的地区，他们突然出现在考古记录中，似乎是革命性的。

题目：

1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads?

作者为什么要提到一块装饰过的赭石和一串串贝壳珠子呢?

A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement

B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely

C. To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists' thinking about human intellectual development

D. To help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them

2. How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa go

在非洲发现的用途更广的石器和骨工具的起源可以追溯到多久以前

A. To around 40 kya

B. To around 77 kya

C. To the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution

D. To a time before modern "human” behavior had begun to evolve

3. The word "equivalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

这篇文章中的“当量”一词的意思最接近于

A. comprehensible

B. concrete

C. comparable

D. widely debated

4. According to paragraph 2, what do archaeologists want to know about the climate?

根据第2段，考古学家想知道关于气候的什么?

A. Whether it was a reason that humans lived in caves

B. Whether it was stable throughout that period

C. Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and Europe

D. Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developed

5. According to paragraph 2, anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists' traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed because

根据第2段，人类学家麦克布里亚蒂和布鲁克斯认为，考古学家对旧石器时代晚期革命的传统理解是有缺陷的，因为

A. they underestimated available African archaeological evidence.

B. The archaeological evidence available to them contained errors.

C. they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical use.

D. they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time.

6. Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to have

人类学家麦克布里亚蒂和布鲁克斯认为，旧石器时代晚期革命的组成部分包括刀锋和微岩屑技术

A. first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period, in Africa rather than in Europe

B. emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different times

C. first emerged in Europe, then to have been further developed in Africa

D. been part of a similarly sudden, but earlier, cultural revolution in Africa

2019年1月26日托福预测机经

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